Middle East Peace and the Lost Tribes Mythologies of the Lemba

 

by Zvi Baranoff

Peace in the Middle-East is possible if Jews would follow the lead of their cousins, the Lemba people of South Africa. This is, it seems, the learned opinion of Noah Tamarkin, a cultural anthropologist and an associate professor at Cornell University. 

Mr Tamarkin expressed his opinion in a short essay in The Conversation entitled South Africa’s Lemba people: how they view their Jewishness challenges Zionist ideas that identity is linked to one homeland (https://theconversation.com/south-africas-lemba-people-how-they-view-their-jewishness-challenges-zionist-ideas-that-identity-is-linked-to-one-homeland-228632) published April 30, 2024.

Mr Tamarkin seems to be a well intentioned fellow. However, his essay is deeply flawed, with obvious misstatements and falsification throughout. 

The essay begins by describing the Lemba people as “Black Jews who live in South Africa and Zimbabwe.” It goes on to claim that the “Lemba people have long held that they are Jews by descent.”

Are the Lemba Jewish? Mostly not. Are they descendents of Jews? Perhaps. Have they “long held” such beliefs? That depends on who among the Lemba one speaks to and how much time is considered long when discussing history. 

Most of the Lemba people self define as Christians. There are some who are Muslims and Jews. Many of those that self define as Jews also self define as Christians. 

There are hints that could imply that the Lemba are descended from ancient Hebrews. The actual, provable links however, are few. The first “proofs” rely on some vague similarities of the oral traditions of these people to early Hebrew history and mythology. The Lemba also refrain from eating pork - as do both Jews and Muslims. The Lemba practice circumcision. The Jewish tradition is on the eighth day. The Lemba tradition is eight years old. Muslims worldwide also practice circumcision as well as many African people. 

However, the Lemba were unfamiliar with any possible connection to ancient Hebrews and, in fact, were unaware of Jews until they came in contact with Christian missionaries around the beginning of the Twentieth Century, and later to interaction with South African Jews. So, the “long held” belief of a Jewish ancestry dates back to around 1900, which is not very long in the scheme of things. Thousands of Lemba have adopted Jewish practices, in relatively recent times. This has been accelerated through the support of American Jews supplying religious education and ritual materials. 

Christian missionaries have a long history of introducing Biblical mythologies and integration of these mythologies with those of their targeted audience. When one goes out looking for the Lost Tribes of Israel, one inevitably finds them, even if the actual links are tenuous at best. The tales of the Lost Tribes, the ten Tribes said to be exiled from from the Kingdom of Israel around 722 BCE, is shrouded in mythology and actual history is pitifully lacking. Most historians have concluded that the deported tribes assimilated into the local population, although legends of people around the world being the Lost Tribes, reinforced by threads of customs and  beliefs, is tantalizing.

The Lemba origin story is based on a long journey of their twelve clans from a place called Sena. According to the oral traditions, they followed a sacred object called the ngoma lungundu or “drum that thunders”. The twelve clans are reminiscent of the Twelve Tribes of Israel and the ngoma lungundu is therefore likened to the Ark of the Covenant. 

The genetic pools that Mr Tamarkin refers to, dating back to the 1990s, show a strong Middle-Eastern connection. This could be Hebrew or it could also be Arab. The genetic link among the Buba, one Lemba clan, does have a fairly high correspondence to the Cohen marker. This is curious. However, the overall information that we learn from genetic studies points to a strong likelihood of the influence of Arab traders that had an extensive network throughout Africa for hundreds of years.

Mr Tamarkin, goes on to state that “Lemba people did not orient themselves towards Israel. Instead they interpreted their genetic studies as proof that Jews were African and that Lemba people were, therefore, indigenous African Jews.” The link is to a book by Mr Tamarkin.

Drawing these conclusions requires intellectual gymnastics. He ignores the origin mythology of the Lemba people that stresses that they come from elsewhere and consider themselves to be separate from the surrounding peoples. The name Lemba may originate from the Bantu word lemi which means "non-African" or a "respected foreigner", although it could derive from the Swahili word kilemba meaning turban or “those who wear turbans”. Mr Tamarkin also ignores the Lemba burial practice of orientation to the north, presumably towards their historic origin and fails to mention that some Lemba that have adopted Judaism have made aliyah to Israel. 

Mr Tamarkin suggests that the Jewish sense of a indigenous relationship to a homeland in what is now Israel is misplaced. Mr Tamarkin proposes that the 15 or so million Jews of the world are African based on the 100,000 (more or less) Lemba being African, although the basis of a Jewish link to the Lemba is the possibility of a migration beginning with an exile from the Land of Israel, to Yemen, and eventually across Africa. 

Whether the Lemba perceive themselves as indigenous to Africa or rooted elsewhere is irrelevant to the sense of a general indigenous relationship to the Land of Israel by Jews worldwide. Around seven million Jews currently live between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, as well as around seven million Palestinians. Clearly, both people have an indigenous relationship to that particular piece of land.

Certainly, a logical argument can be presented that the Zionist ideology and subsequent experiment was a misstep and an historic mistake. There were certainly other perspectives among the Jews at the time of the formation and development of political Zionism. However, there is no denying that there is a strong link to the sense of place, emotionally and genetically. 

We are certainly not going to reorient the attachment of 15 million Jews, seven million who currently live in Israel and six million that live in the United States, with the rest scattered worldwide, to Africa because of a tenuous link of approximately 100,000 Africans. There is no other place in the world than the actual traditional homeland that has this genetic and historical link. 

Mr Tamarkin's essay approaches a fascinating subject, however the lack of intellectual honesty and historical integrity does a great disservice to the Lemba, to the Jewish people, and to the possibility of finding a real solution to the shared destiny of the people, Arabs and Jews, that live on the land that Mr Tamarkin so casually writes off as irrelevant to identity.